The Essence of the Visitor

For object-oriented programming, the Visitor pattern enables the deenition of a new operation on an object structure without changing the classes of the objects. The price has been that the set of classes must be xed in advance, and they must each have a so-called accept method. In this paper we demonstrate how to program visitors without relying on accept methods and without knowing all classes of the objects in advance. The idea, derived from related work on shape polymorphism in functional programming, is to separate (1) accessing subobjects, and (2) acting on them. In the object-oriented setting, re-ection techniques support access to sub-objects, as demonstrated in our Java class, Walkabout. It supports all visitors as subclasses, and they can be programmed without any further use of reeection. Thus a program using the Visitor pattern can now be understood as a specialized version of a program using the Walkabout class.